Ceniklioğlu, BüşraDeveli, İbrahimCanbilen, Ayşe Elif2025-02-242025-02-2420241074-53511099-113110.1002/dac.58682-s2.0-85195508386https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5868https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14440/968It is well known that hardware impairments (HWIs) can worthy reduce the wireless system performance at high carrier frequencies by showing random effects. Most current researches for 5 GB systems assume that transmitters and receivers (transceivers) are perfectly equipped. But wireless transceivers (TxRx$$ {T}_x{R}_x $$) are affected by HWIs in practice. Considering the previous studies in the literature, it is reported that HWIs have devastating effects on the performance of OFDM and OFDM-index modulation (IM) systems with fading channels. In this paper, in-phase and quadrature phase imbalance (IQI), which is the one of most HWIs between transmitter and receiver in wireless communication systems, is examined on OFDM-IM system over Rayleigh and Nakagami-m$$ m $$ fading channels. Two well-known detectors, the maximum likelihood (ML) detector and the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) detector are used under the effect of the IQI at TxRx$$ {T}_x{R}_x $$. Error performance analyzes over fading channels of the IQI effect on OFDM-IM system are realized first theoretically and then by computer simulations. Results obtained for the presence of IQI at TxRx$$ {T}_x{R}_x $$ show that a performance evaluation based only on the presence of IQI in the receiver would be optimistic and misleading in terms of the performance of real-life OFDM-IM systems. Most current researches for 5 GB systems assume that transmitters and receivers (transceivers) are perfectly equipped. In this paper, in-phase and quadrature phase imbalance (IQI), which is the one of most HWIs between transmitter and receiver in wireless communication systems, is examined on OFDM-IM system over Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels. Results obtained for the presence of IQI at transceiver show that a performance evaluation based only on the presence of IQI in the receiver would be optimistic and misleading in terms of the performance of real-life OFDM-IM systems. imageeninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshardware impairment (HWI)index modulation (IM)in-phase and quadrature phase imbalance (IQI)log-likelihood ratio (LLR) detectormaximum likelihood (ML)Article14Q237WOS:001241014500001Q3