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    A deep learning approach to dental restoration classification from bitewing and periapical radiographs
    (Quintessence Publishing Co Inc, 2021) Karataş, Özcan; Cakir, Nazire Nurdan; Ozsariyildiz, Saban Suat; Kis, Hatice Cansu; Demirbuğa, Sezer; Gurgan, Cem Abdulkadir
    Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the success of deep learning-based convolutional neural networks (CNN) in the detection and differentiation of amalgam, composite resin, and metal-ceramic restorations from bitewing and periapical radiographs. Method and materials: Five hundred and fifty bitewing and periapical radiographs were used. Eighty percent of the images were used for training, and 20% were left for testing. Twenty percent of the images allocated for training were then used for validation during learning. The image classification model was based on the application of CNN. The model used Resnet34 architecture, which is pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset. Average sensitivity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated for performance evaluation of the model Results: The model training loss was 0.13, and the validation loss was 0.63. The independent test group result was 0.67. Amalgam AUC was 0.95, composite AUC was 0.95, and metal-ceramic AUC was 1.00. The average AUC was 0.97. The false positive rate in the validation set was 18, the false negative rate was 18, the true positive rate was 60, and the true negative rate was 138. The true positive rate was 0.82 for amalgam, 0.75 for composite, and 0.73 for metal-ceramic. Conclusion: Deep leaming-based CNNs from periapical and bitewing radiographs appear to be a promising technique for the detection and differentiation of restorations.