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    An Experimental Approach to Word Order in Turkish Sign Language
    (Ahmet Yesevi Univ, 2020) Arik, Engin
    The present study offers an experimental linguistic perspective to investigate word order in sign languages, focusing particularly on word order in Turkish Sign Language (Turk Isaret Dili-TID), one of the oldest, yet relatively understudied, sign languages. Two experiments were conducted to investigate TID signers' acceptability judgments of various orders of linguistic forms in a sentence. Experiment 1 consisted of 26 intransitive sentences with a 2x2 (SV vs. VS; Human vs. Animal) within-subjects design whereas Experiment 2 consisted of 28 transitive sentences with a 3x2 (Subject order: First vs. Middle vs. Last; Object order: Object-before-Verb vs. Object-after-Verb) within-subjects design. Both experiments asked native TID signers (n=8 and n=6, respectively) to rate sentences using 5-point Likert scales. Results from Experiment 1 showed that there was a significant main effect of Sign Order, indicating that participants gave significantly higher ratings to SV order over VS order. There was no main effect of Subject Type but an interaction between Sign Order and Subject Type. Results from Experiment 2 showed a significant main effect of object-verb order indicating that participants' ratings for the Object-before-Verb order were significantly higher than those for the Verb-before-Object order. In Experiment 2, there was no significant main effect of subject order or interaction. These findings suggested that TID has a preference for SV and OV over other possible orders.
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    The Different Aspects of English Language Teaching and Learning: A Scientometric Analysis
    (Phcog Net, 2021) Arik, Engin; Arik, Beril Tezeller
    We analyzed publications in English as a Foreign Language (EFL), English as a Second Language (ESL), Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL), Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL), and Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) between 1900 and 2016 as indexed by Web of Science. We found that there were 1,839, 2,143, 44, 46, and 414 publications, respectively. Moreover, language and English were the common words in almost all the EFL, ESL, and TESOL abstracts. EFL and ESL shared study and students, while learning and learners appeared in almost all the EFL abstracts and teachers appeared in almost all the TESOL abstracts. Topics such as motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety were significantly more frequently examined in EFL than in ESL but not in TESOL. Research related to non-English-speaking countries such as Taiwan, Iran, China, and Turkey were significantly more frequently considered in EFL than in ESL but not in TESOL. However, research on diverse populations within the same country such as immigrants, kindergarten, children, and adults was significantly more frequently conducted in ESL than in EFL.
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    The Meanings of the Concepts of Creativity and Being Creative in Everyday Language
    (Istanbul Univ, Fac Letters, Dept Psychology, 2020) Arik, Engin; Arik, Beril T.
    Creative and creativity as abstract concepts are hard to define and they have different meanings in scientific studies and everyday language. This study investigated the meanings of the Turkish terms yaratici (creative) and yaraticilik (creativity) in everyday language by using the data from social media. The study aims to reveal the meanings of the terms creative and creativity by using Big Data methods, corpus linguistic approaches, and prototype theories. The Turkish data were collected from Twitter between February 2018 and March 2019 using Rich Site Summary (RSS) and Application Programming Interface (API) without duplicates, retweets, or replies. In this way, 40,382 tweets containing yaratici and 13,007 tweets containing yaraticilik were obtained. The yaratici data consisted of 124,028 types and 828,661 tokens whereas the yaraticilik data consisted of 57,448 types and 268,886 tokens. With the help of Antconc and Lancbox software and statistical analyses such as frequency, log frequency, MI, DeltaP and G, the results showed that the meanings of yaratici and yaraticilik in everday Turkish and in dictionaries and scientific texts did not overlap. For example, the words such as intelligence, thinking, thoughts, and imagination could all be seen in the dictionaries and significantly in the data. But the word kreatif, which is used in the dictionary entries for yaratici, was not significantly used in the data. Instead, #creativity was used significantly frequently for yaraticilik in the data. Moreover, phrases such as using various solutions and divergent thinking could be both seen in the scientific definitions and significantly frequently in the data. But phrases such as solving problems and motivation, which are used in the scientific definitions, were used rarely in the data. Therefore, when updated, the dictionaries shoud benefit from the uses of these terms in everyday life, the scientific texts should underline to what extent the definitions differ from everyday language, and research should be conducted by taking into account these differences.